Force Reduction Factor R for Shear Dominated Low-Rise Brick Masonry Structures

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Postgraduate Advisor of Earthquake Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar.

2 Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar.

Abstract

This paper presents investigation carried out, including experimental and numerical studies, on low-rise shear-dominated brick masonry structures for the calculation of force reduction factor R. Basic experimental tests were conducted on masonry constituent materials for mechancial characterization. In-plane quasi-static cyclic tests were conducted on twelve full scale brick masonry walls, to understand behavior of shear-dominated walls under in-plane lateral loads. The tests’ data were analyzed to obtain the lateral shear strength, elastic and inelastic displacement capacities and hysteretic response of walls to facilitate numerical modelling of masonry structures. The numerical study included incremental dynamic analyses of shear-dominated brick masonry structures for the derivation of structures’ response curves, correlating the ground motion severity with the inelastic displacement demand on structure. The ductility dependent R factor is computed by identifying the ground motion intensities: capable to initiate global yielding in the structure (PGAy) and that exceeding the limit state displacement capacity of structure (PGAu), respectively. The ratio of the two PGAu/PGAy provides estimate of structures’ R factor. The calculated R factor varies in the range of 1.20 to 2.74, with a mean of 1.64; 1.5 may be conservatively used in the design and assessment of considered structures.

Keywords

References

1. Abram, D.P. (2001). Performance-based engineering concepts for unreinforced masonry building structures. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 48-56. [DOI:10.1002/pse.70]
2. Ahmad, N. (2015). A note on the strong ground motions and behavior of buildings during 26th Oct. 2015 Afghanistan-Pakistan earthquake. Technical Report, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), Oakland, CA USA.
3. Ahmad, N., Crowley, H., Pinho, R., Ali, Q., (2011). Frame-elements constitutive law for nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of masonry buildings. Contribution to Book Chapter "Masonry and Concrete Structures" In Cheung, S. O., Yazdani, S., Ghafoori, N. and Singh, A. (eds.) Modern Methods and Advances in Structural Engineering and Construction, Research Publishing Service, Singapore.
4. Ali, Q. (2007). Case study of Pakistan housing reconstruction. Invited Seminar Lecture, ROSE School-IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
5. Ali, Q. and Naeem, A. (2007). Seismic resistance evaluation of unreinforced masonry buildings. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 133-146. [DOI:10.1080/13632460601155638]
6. Ali, Q., Naeem, A., Ashraf, M., Ahmed, A., Alam, B., Ahmad, N., Fahim, M., Rahman, S., Umar, M. (2013). Seismic performance of stone masonry buildings used in the Himalayan Belt. Earthquake Spectra, 29, 1159-1181. [DOI:10.1193/091711EQS228M]
7. Ali, Q., Badrashi, Y.I., Ahmad, N., Alam, B., Rehman, S. and Banori, F.A.S. (2012a). Experimental investigation on the characterization of solid clay brick masonry for lateral shear strength evaluation. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering. 5, 782-791.
8. Ali, Q., Naeem, A., Ahmad, N. and Alam, B. (2012b). In-Situ Dynamic Testing of Masonry Structure by Means of Underground Explosions Simulating Earthquake Motions, A Unique Case Study. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 5, 1503-1534.
9. Ali, Q., Schacher, T., Ashraf, M., Alam, B., Naeem, A., Ahmad, N. and Umar, M. (2012c). In-plane behavior of Dhajji-Dewari structural system (wooden braced frame with masonry infill). Earthquake Spectra, 28, 835-858. [DOI:10.1193/1.4000051]
10. Alsuwwi, A.H., Hassan, M., Awwad, J. and Ahmad, N. (2015). Comparative analysis of cement-sand & cement-sand-khaka (stone dust) mortar shear wall brick masonry materials. Masonry International, Vol. 28(01), pp. 1-10.
11. BCP (2007). Building Code of Pakistan-Seismic provision 2007. Technical Document, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, Pakistan.
12. Benedetti, D. and Petrini, V. (1984). Sulla vulnerabilita di edifici in muratura: Proposta di un metodo di valutazione. LŠindustria delle Costruzioni, Vol. 149, No. 1 pp. 66-74.
13. Beyer, K. and Mangalathu, S. (2014). Numerical Study on the Peak Strength of Masonry Spandrels with Arches. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 169-186. [DOI:10.1080/13632469.2013.851047]
14. Beyer, K. and Mangalathu, S. (2013). Review of strength models for masonry spandrels. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 11, pp. 521-542. [DOI:10.1007/s10518-012-9394-3]
15. Beyer, K. and Dazio, A. (2012). Quasi-static cyclic tests on masonry spandrels. Earthquake Specra, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 907-929. [DOI:10.1193/1.4000063]
16. Beyer, K. (2012). Peak and residual strengths of brick masonry spandrels. Engineering Structures, Vol. 41, pp. 533-547. [DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.015]
17. Bommer, J.J. and Acevedo, A.B. (2004). The use of real earthquake accelerograms as input to dynamic analyses. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8 (S1), 43-91. [DOI:10.1080/13632460409350521]
18. CEN. (1994) Eurocode8: Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures. Part1-1: General rules-Seismic actions and general requirements for structures, prEN 1998-1-1, Comite Europeen de Normalisation, Brussels, Belgium.
19. Dizhur, D., N. Ismail, and J. M. Ingham. (2010). Performance of unreinforced and reinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield earthquake. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 43(4), pp. 321-339. [DOI:10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.321-339]
20. Dizhur, D., J. Ingham, L. Moon, M. Griffith, A. Schultz, I. Senaldi, G. Magenes, et al. (2011). Performance of masonry buildings and churches in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 44(4), pp. 279-296. [DOI:10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.279-296]
21. Elnashai, A. S. and Broderick, B. M. (I9961). Seismic response of composite frames - II. Calculation of behaviour factors. Engineering Structures, l8, 707-723. [DOI:10.1016/0141-0296(95)00212-X]
22. FEMA P-695 (2009). Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington, DC, USA.
23. FEMA (2000). Pre-standard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington, DC, USA.
24. Galasco, A., Lagomarsino, S. and Penna, A. (2002). TREMURI Program: Seismic analyses of 3D masonry buildings. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
25. Hancock, J., Bommer, J.J. and Stafford, P.J. (2008). Numbers of scaled and matched accelerograms required for inelastic dynamic analyses. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 37, 1585-1607. [DOI:10.1002/eqe.827]
26. Jackson, R. (1960). Thirty seconds at Quetta: The story of an earthquake. Evans Brothers Ltd., London, England.
27. Jain, S.K. and Nigan, N.C. (2000). Historical developments and current status of earthquake engineering in India. Proceedings of the Twelfth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
28. Javed, M., Magenes, G., Alam, B., Khan, A. N., Ali, Q. and Ali, S. M. (2015). Experimental seismic performance evaluation of unreinforced brick masonry shear walls, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 215-246. [DOI:10.1193/111512EQS329M]
29. Javed, M., Naeem, A. and Magenes, G. (2008). Performance of masonry structures during earthquake - 2005 in Kashmir. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 27(3), 271-282.
30. Kappos, A.J. (1999). Evaluation of behaviour factors on the basis of ductility and overstrength studies, Engineering Structures, 21(9), 823-835. [DOI:10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00050-9]
31. Kappos, A.J. (1991). Analytical prediction of the collapse earthquake for r/c buildings: suggested methodology. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 20, 167-176. [DOI:10.1002/eqe.4290200206]
32. Kappos, A., Paraskeva, T., Moschonas, J. (2011). Evaluation of available force reduction factors for concrete bridges. Proceedings of the 9th US National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto, Canada.
33. Kappos, A.J., Penelis, G.G., and Drakopoulos, C.G. (2002). Evaluation of simplified models for lateral load analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings, Journal of Structural Engineering, 128, 890-897. [DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:7(890)]
34. Klinger, R.E. (2004). Seismic behavior and design of masonry. In Bozorgnia, Y. and Bertero, V.V. (eds.): Earthquake Engineering: From engineering seismology to performance-based engineering, CRC Press, Florida, USA.
35. Kumar, S.L. (1933). Theory of earthquake resisting design with a note on earthquake resisting construction in Baluchistan. Pakistan Engineering Congress, Paper No. 165, 154-189. (http://pecongress.org.pk/images/upload/books/Paper165.pdf)
36. Magenes, G., Penna, A., Senaldi, I. E., Rota, M. and Galasco, A. (2013). Shaking Table Test of a Strengthened Full-Scale Stone Masonry Building with Flexible Diaphragms, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 8 (3), pp. 349-375. [DOI:10.1080/15583058.2013.826299]
37. Magenes, G. (2006). Masonry building design in seismic areas: Recent experiences and prospects from a European standpoint. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Keynote 9, Geneva, Switzerland.
38. Magenes, G. (2004). Prospettive per la revisione della normativa sismica nazionale con riguardo alle costruzioni in muratura, Assemblea ANDIL, sez. Murature, Isola Vicentina, Vicenza, Italy.
39. Magenes, G., Bolognini, D., and Braggio, C. (2000). Metodi semplificati per l'analisi sismica non linear di edifici in muratura. Technical Report, CNR-Gruppo Nazionale per al Difesa dai Terremoti (GNDT), Roma, Italy.
40. Magenes, G. and Morandi, P. (2008). Some issues on seismic design and assessment of masonry buildings based on linear elastic analysis. Proceedings of the Michael John Nigel Priestley Symposium, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
41. Magenes, G. and Fontana, D. (1998). Simplified non-linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings, Proceedings of the British Masonry Society, 8, 190-195.
42. Magenes, G., and Calvi, G.M. (1997). In-plane seismic response of brick masonry walls, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 1091-1112. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199711)26:11<1091::AID-EQE693>3.0.CO;2-6 [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199711)26:113.0.CO;2-6]
43. Mahmoudi, M. and Mahdi, Z. (2013). Determination the response modification factors of buckling restrained braced frames. Proceedia Engineering, Vol. 54, pp. 222-231. [DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.020]
44. Mann, W. and Muller, H. (1982). Failure of shear-stressed masonry-An enlarge theory, tests and application to shear walls. Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society, 30, 223.
45. Masoudi, M., Eshghi, S., Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. (2012). Evaluation of response modification factor (R) of elevated concrete tanks. Engineering Structures, Vol.39, pp. 199-209. [DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.015]
46. McKenna, F., Fenves, G.L. and Scott, M.H. (2010). Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation: Version2.1.0, University of California Berkeley, California, USA.
47. Menon, A. and Magenes, G. (2011). Definition of seismic input for out-of-plane response of masonry walls: II. Formulation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 15, 195-213. [DOI:10.1080/13632460903494446]
48. Miranda, E. (1997). Strength reduction factors in performance-based design, EERC-CUREe Symposium in Honor of Vitelmo V. Bertero, Berkeley, CA, USA.
49. Morandi, P. and Magenes, G. (2008). Seismic design of masonry buildings: Current procedures and new perspectives, Proceedings of the Fourteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
50. Mwafy, A.M. and Elnashai, A.S. (2002). Calibration of force reduction factors of rc buildings, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 6, 239-273. [DOI:10.1080/13632460209350416]
51. Murthy, C.V.R. (2003). How do brick masonry houses behave during earthquakes?. In EQTips - Learning Earthquake Design and Construction, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
52. Naeem, A. et al. (1996). A Research Project on Khaka - Undergraduate research work at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, KP Pakistan.
53. NTC (2008). Approvazione delle nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, n. 29 del 4 Febbraio 2008 - Suppl. Ordinario n. 30. (In Italian). (http://www.cslp.it/cslp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3269&Itemid=10).
54. Peiris, N., Rossetto, T., Burton, P., and Mahmood, S. (2008). EEFIT Mission: October 8, 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Technical Report, Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers, London, United Kingdom.
55. Penna, A., Senaldi, I.E., Galasco, A. and Magenes, G. (2015). Numerical simulation of shaking table tests on full-scale stone masonry buildings. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 10(2-3), pp. 146-163. [DOI:10.1080/15583058.2015.1113338]
56. Porto, F.D., Grendene, M. and Modena, C. (2009). Estimation of load reduction factors for clay masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 38, 155-1174. [DOI:10.1002/eqe.887]
57. Priestley, M.J.N., Calvi, G.M., and Kowalsky, M.J. (2007). Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
58. Rai, D.C. (2002). Review of design codes for masonry buildings. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
59. Rossetto, T. and Peiris, N. (2009). Observations of damage due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 and study of current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 7(3), 681-699. [DOI:10.1007/s10518-009-9118-5]
60. Senaldi, I., Magenes, G. and Ingham, J. (2015). Damage assessment of unreinforced stone masonry buildings after the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Vol. 9(5). pp. 605-627. [DOI:10.1080/15583058.2013.840688]
61. Senaldi, I., Magenes, G., Penna, A., Galasco, A. and Rota, M. (2014). The effect of stiffened floor and roof diaphragms on the experimental seismic response of a full-scale unreinforced stone masonry building. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 18(3). pp. 407-443. [DOI:10.1080/13632469.2013.876946]
62. Shahzada K, Khan, A. N., Elnashai A. S., Ashraf M, Javed M, Naseer A, Alam B (2012). Experimental seismic performance evaluation of unreinforced brick masonry buildings. Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 1269-1290. [DOI:10.1193/1.4000073]
63. Shahzada K, Khan, A. N., Elnashai A. S., Naseer, A., Javed, M., Naseer, Ashraf, M. (2012). Shake table test of confined brick masonry building. Advanced Material Research, Vol. 255-260, pp. 689-693. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.255-260.689 [DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.255-260.689]
64. Tomazevic, M. (1990). Masonry structures in seismic areas-a state-of-the-art report. Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Moscow, A, 246-302.
65. Tomazevic, M. (1999). Earthquake-Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings-Innovation in Structures and Construction Vol. 1, Imperial College Press, London, UK. [DOI:10.1142/p055]
66. Turnsek, V. and Sheppard, P. (1980). The shear and flexural resistance of masonry walls. Proceedings of the International Research Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Skopje, 517-573.
67. Vasconcelos, G. and Lourenco, P. B. (2009). In-Plane experimental behavior of stone masonry walls under cyclic loading, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 10, pp. 1269-1277. [DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000053]
68. Watson-Lamprey, J. and Abrahamson, N. (2006). Selection of ground motion time series and limits on scaling. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26, 477-482. [DOI:10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.07.001]
Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 3
March 2018
Pages 14-29

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 October 2017
  • Revise Date: 02 December 2017
  • Accept Date: 06 March 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics